Hoffman, 1991 south west us and east antarctica connection, as early start on this reconstruction. The panafrican metacratonic evolution of the paleoproterozoic northern margin of the west african craton. Following the emergence of the ocean, a variety of island arcs. After 1945 however, the focus of pan african activity certainly switched to africa and to a growing. A conventional upb zircon age of 57720 ma recorded for a posttectonic granite, about 16 km north of the huab river mouth miller and burger, 1983 conforms to the younger phase of plutonic activity in the kaoko belt. It is obvious from the structural and metamorphic evidence that the pan african event reached the status of an orogeny in northwestern nigeria. Plate tectonics and the panafrican orogeny in nigeria. The panafrican orogeny and the grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies on earth. The pan african orogeny was a series of major neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents gondwana and pannotia about 600 million years ago. It is obvious from the structural and metamorphic evidence that the panafrican event reached the status of an orogeny in northwestern nigeria. Pan african conference was called in london in 1900 by h. The african continent preserves a long geological record that covers almost 75% of earths history.
Du bois were also mostly held in europe, while the 1945 panafrican congress, which some have seen as the apogee of the panafrican movement, was organised and held in manchester in britain. Panafrican events culminated in the formation of the late neoproterozoic supercontinent gondwana. As in other parts of africa, it suffered its most pronounced deformation and remobilisation during the pan african orogeny about 650450 m. Panafrican orogeny is part of wikiproject geology, an attempt at creating a standardized, informative, comprehensive and easytouse geology resource. Few delegates came from africa, most being american negroes. Pt conditions of panafrican orogeny in southeastern nigeria.
Pt conditions of panafrican orogeny in southeastern nigeria article pdf available in central european geology 514. In fact, no africans at all attended the fourth congress held in. At first the panafricanmovement was really a pannegromove ment, centred in america, to unite the negro people of africa and america in the fight against racialism and colonialism. Don hallett, daniel clarklowes, in petroleum geology of libya second edition, 2016. If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit this article, or visit the project page for more information. According to stern 1994, the entire eaao was unroofed following the pan african orogeny.
Panafrican events culminated in the formation of the late neoproterozoic supercontinent gondwana figure 1. Pan african resources plc pan african resources or the company or the group incorporated and registered on 25 february 2000 in england and wales under the companies act 1985, registration number 3937466 share code on aim. Meert, 2003, and all along the western side of the east panafrican orogeny from ca. Variscan age in the mauritanian belt, and panafrican age in the rokelides schluter and trauth, 2008. The map shows the distinct structural style of the different belts or zones, as well as. Detrital zircon age distributions indicate that the globalscale panafrican orogeny reached its peak between 800 and 600 ma rino et al. Panafrican wurde 1964 vom geologen william quarrier kennedy gepragt. The impact of panafricanism and nationalism on the. Panafrican orogeny the university of texas at dallas.
Politics, economy and social change in the twentyfirst century and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships rebellions and suicides through the constant plantation and colonial. The history of gondwana supercontinent and its configuration have been the focus of many investigations 1,2,3,4,5. The magmatic arc phase was dominated by the pan african orogeny which led to the formation of gondwana. James and panafricanist intellectuals in founding the international african service bureau in 1937. Pan africanism must and should be viewed within the lining of this thin thread that links the various african cultures. Panafricanist aspirations and the challenge of african unity by stephen okhonmina lecturer, department of political science and public administration coordinator, centre for presidential studies igbinedion university, okada email. The development of pan africanism timeline preceden. We are a continent of varied history and realities. Pan african events culminated in the formation of the late neoproterozoic supercontinent gondwana figure 1. Stub this article has been rated as stubclass on the projects quality scale.
The shields are separated by the intracratonic neoproterozoic to paleozoic taoudeni basin and surrounded by panafrican 660550 ma and variscan 330 ma orogenic belts. Wide range of ideologies that are committed to common political or cultural projects for africans and people of african descent. The aftermath of the stress released by the pan african orogeny were also documented in the later phase structurally emplaced intusive pegmatite, quartz. Pan african orogeny an overview sciencedirect topics. Note that north american craton is the center of this land mass. Gneisses, granites, migmatites, volcanics, and metasedimentary rocks dominate the precambrianearly cambrian succession. The notion that gondwana was assembled during the late precambrian from two older fragments along the pan african mozambique belt was first proposed in the early 1980s. In this paper, we present new 40 descriptions of these carbonate rocks and a sedimentological study from key cores and 41 outcrops in the otavi mountainland namibia and west congo belt drc of the huttenberg 42 formation and the c5 formation, respectively. Fitches1 has convincingly demonstrated the relative insignificance of the panafrican orogeny in a part of coastal ghana. One of the structural features left following the panafrican orogeny was an elongate arch extending senw from the tibisti mountains to the vicinity of tripoli, and evidence of this arch is to be found in the separation of the kufrah and murzuq basins, in the brakbin ghanimah uplift. It has been postulated that in ghana 3,4 this cycle began when the birrimian rocks, which had been involved in a previous orogeny between 1,700 and 2,000 m.
A reconsideration of pan african orogenic cycle in the. In order to read online or download pan africanism ebooks in pdf, epub, tuebl and mobi format, you need to create a free account. A damara orogen perspective on the assembly of southwestern. The joint program of the panafricanists was presented in documents of the sixth panafrican congress dar es salaam, 1974, which demanded an end to the exploitation of africas natural and human resources by imperialism, the implementation of progressive reforms, and the intensification of the struggle for human rights throughout the world. In its vaguer, more cultural, forms, panafricanism has pursued literary and artistic projects that bring together people in africa and her diaspora. The aim of classical panafricanist philosophers and political leaders, among. Orogeny yielded gold, iron ore, manganese, diamonds, magmatic nickel sulphides, coppergold, leadzinc, and ree minerals. West gondwanaland during and after the panafrican and. The largest source of evidence for this remarkable tectonic turnaround is a belt stretching ns for over 3000 km from southern israel.
Historically, panafricanism has often taken the shape of a political or cultural movement. Provenance and tectonic setting of late proterozoic buem. A decade later this continental collision was named the east african orogeny, but it was also realised that this was not the simple bringing together of two halves. This orogeny is also known as the pangondwanan or saldanian orogeny. The basement complex of nigeria is polycyclic and retains memories of events dating back to about 3000 m. The philosophy and opinions of marcus garvey, or, africa for the africans by marcus garvey, black skin, white masks by f. The movement then definitely entered the sphere of practical politics,6 and between 1959 and 1963 various. Also the gariep belt lacks the highgrade metamorphic. Pan africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the african people against enslavement and colonisation dr tajudeen abdulraheem pan africanism. Panafrican orogeny in northern nigeria gsa bulletin.
The east african rift system ears runs from the afar triangle of ethiopia to the zambezi river in mozambique, part of the afroarabian rift that extends north into turkey 35 ma. Some of the books we read had the same information that could be found in other books. Pdf on jan 1, 2004, a kroner and others published panafrican orogeny find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Du boiss own address was entitled the negro race in theunited states.
There were also many books on black consciousness that were based on. The voetspoor intrusion, southern kaoko zone, namibia. Over a period of about 300 ma the fragmentation of a supercontinent, rodinia, drove a round of seafloor spreading and continental drift that culminated in reassembly of the older continental pieces and entirely new crust in a new supercontinent, gondwana. Panafricanismwitha capital letterisa clearlyrecognizable movement. Du bois has written that the 1900 conference put the word panafrican in the dictionaries for the first time. Long before the panafrican alliance was created, we spent thousands of hours reading hundreds of books. They made panafricanism an exclusive african movement, lead by africans. The historical aspects of panafricanism apersonal chronicle. This evolved into the panafrican federation in 1944.
The breakup of pangaea since the jurassic and cretaceous, primarily through. While the entire gariep succession is only about m thick, the damara rocks locally reach more than 10 000 m. Rocks types, deformation, structural features, tectonic trends,igarra sw, nigeria. This orogeny is also known as the pan gondwanan or saldanian orogeny. Our new age data show thatmany of the granitoids in the supposed pre magondi basement are actually postmagondi intrusive rocks, which are part of an extensive magmatic arc formed on the western flank of the archaean zimbabwe craton at between 2. African independence after world war ii, pan africanist interests once more returned to the african continent, with a particular focus on african unity and liberation. Sutures in south america paraguai and araguaia, ca. Dubois and that is the attitude that all of uj had to him. African neoproterozoic mineral deposits and pan african. Pan africanismwitha capital letterisa clearlyrecognizable movement. Pan africanism is a black movement that can be defined as a belief in the laws and representation that benefit africans in the diaspora and on the continent.
First direct evidence of panafrican orogeny associated. But the concept had no deep roots in africa itself. Panafrican orogeny has been divided into two parts, namely, circa 870 to 630 ma, which is characterized by terrane accretion as seen in arabiannubian shield, and 630 to 540 ma, which shows. For the southern kaoko zone, radiometric age dating is still scarce. B du bois held the fifth pan african congress in manchester in 1945. Pan african deformation was deduced from the ns and nesw trends while pre pan african deformation was documented as relicts in the ew and nwse trends. Kola peninsula arcs are about 400 ma emplaced during continental collision in norwegian caledonides 300 km away darcs yellow have yielded 2. We are an africa of hard work, honesty, good neighbourliness, with respect for diversity. Panafrican orogeny find, read and cite all the research you need on. The breakup of pangaea since the jurassic and cretaceous, primarily through opening. Ifacollectivetermisrequired, all african is useful. Abstract several authors 14 have advocated that in west africa the 500600 m. Brasiliano pan african cycle hiking tours brazil the neoproterozoic brasiliano pan african cycle 850 500 ma describes the assembly of west gondwana from the break up of supercontinent rodinia pannotia to the closure of all oceanic basins, over a series of subduction and collisional events up to its final fusion agglutination.
The pan african orogeny and the grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies on earth. Jointing, fracturing, and faulting followed the orogeny, and a major northeastsouthwesttrending transcurrent fault system crosses the area. During this period the birimian domain in west africa was established and structured. The timing coincided with a range of global orogenies, e. In its most straightforward version, panafricanism is the political project calling for the unification of all africans into a single african state, to which those in the african diaspora can return. The panafrican orogeny was a series of major neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents gondwana and pannotia about 600 million years ago. Other articles where panafrican orogeny is discussed.
This late neoproterozoiccambrian panafrican metamorphic event provides the first direct evidence that the scb was an integral part of the gondwana assembly. The roots of pan africanism colin legum the following article is an abbreviated version from africa a complete handbook on the continent. We cannot guarantee that pan africanism book is in the library, but if you are still not sure with the service, you can choose free. Panafrican orogeny, nigeria, obudu, upper amphibolitelower granulite facies introduction the precambrian basement terrane in nigeria is located in the neoproterozoic to early phanerozoic panafrican transsaharan mobile belt that stretches from north africa to brazil, and has boundaries with the west african craton to the. As such, the pan african events are similar to the appalachian orogenic cycle extending from. After 1945 however, the focus of panafrican activity certainly switched to africa and to a growing.
In the graben phase extensional tectonics, accompanied by volcanic activities, formed a series of. World includes the first published exposition of panafricanism in the modern sense. Oceans closed at margins reactivated 1 ga continental crust. Between 1919 and 1927, four pan african congresses were held on the initiative and under the guidance ofdr. This paper will examine the meaning of panafricanism as espoused at the at the 1900 and 1945 panafrican conference, and by the west african national secretariat, kwame nkrumah and george padmore, until and including panafrican conference in kumasi in 1953. Panafrican orogeny and consist of similar rock types such as schist, quartzite, diamictite and carbonate rock, each has distinctive characteristics. This orogeny formed one of the longest mountain chains in earths history. The panafrican orogenic cycle is time equivalent with the cadomian orogeny in western and central europe and the baikalian in asia. Whereas the zircon ages obtained from the tibet and tengchong baoshan terrane represent the magmatism crystallization ages and the presence of pan african crystalline basement within these regions cawood et al. The other trends as revealed by the plots which is not prominent, is in ew and enewsw direction are relicts associated with pre pan african orogenic events. Much of the upper crust has been removed from above the ans to expose 600 ma greenschistfacies metamorphic rocks whereas an even greater depth of exposure is inferred from the abundant granulite and amphibolitefacies rocks in the mozambique belt. Du bois were also mostly held in europe, while the 1945 pan african congress, which some have seen as the apogee of the pan african movement, was organised and held in manchester in britain.
These two conferences were milestones in the quest for african unity. Geological activity focused along orogenic belts in africa during that time period is generally referred to as pan african. Spent his later years in ghana as an aid to kwame nkrumah. The dahomeyide belt consists, from west to east, three structural divisions fig. However, theoutbreakof world wari ledto arestatement of his pan africanism. Nov 21, 2019 international pan africanism had probably reached its zenith by the end of world war ii when w. Combined with available geological data which show that the scb has great affinity with india or australia, the panafrican metamorphic event most likely belongs to the eastern kuunga. Pan africanism does not lend itself to simple or precise definition. For over 50 years the pan african orogeny has been recognized as a neoproterozoic tectonothermal episode affecting west africa 800550.
He disputes the importance of this orogeny elsewhere in. That tectonic evolution was the one that eventually formed the arabian platform. The african unions call for global panafricanism and the ghanadiaspora relations in the 21st century mohammed hadi abdulganiy bolaji journal of black studies 2014 46. Pieces reshuffled as broke up and formed gondwana in the pan african event one interpretation, with the expulsion of laurentia from the middle. Pdf pt conditions of panafrican orogeny in southeastern. For over 50 years the pan african orogeny has been recognized as a neoproterozoic tectonothermal episode affecting west africa 800550 ma.
Parts official letters in english pdf of the sevierlaramide orogeny. The panafrican orogeny was a series of major neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents gondwana and pannotia. Panafricanism, the idea that peoples of african descent have common interests and should be unified. The eburnean orogeny, or eburnean cycle was a series of tectonic, metamorphic and plutonic events in what is now west africa during the paleoproterozoic era about 22002000 million years ago. Throughout the pan african event sedimentary manganese deposits, leadzinc, ree minerals, sedimentary phosphates, and again gold were formed. The pan african orogeny and the grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies. In its narrowest political manifestation, panafricanists. Anarticle by dubois in theatlantic monthly for may,1915, entitled the african roots of war emphasized particularly the economic as. First direct evidence of panafrican orogeny associated with.
Mesozoic removal of lithospheric mantle beneath the sierra nevada, california pdf. It is a political philosophy represented by the pan african flag that can be see around the world. The african unions call for global panafricanism and the. In its most straightforward version, pan africanism is the political project calling for the unification of all. Application of foreland basin detritalzircon geochronology. The first panafrican conference was called in london in 1900 by h. Institutionalising panafricanism page paper 43 june 2007 iss paper 143 june 2007 price. Ukweiobudu international journal bukamanya obanliku applied. As such, the pan african events are similar to the appalachian orogenic cycle extending from 1100 to 250.
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